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Towards Zero carbon【戳我·经济学人集团2018.11.29纸质杂志英文原文】
The hydrogen bombshell
What would it take to decarbonise the global economy? Lots of clean electricity and a revolutionary shift towards the lightest gas, writes Henry Tricks
走向零碳【戳我·经济学人集团官方中文译文】
重磅氢弹
如何使全球经济脱碳？亨利·特里克斯的答案是大量的清洁电力和向最轻气体的革命性转变
FROM BEHIND the wheel of a self-driving electric Tesla model S, gliding amid the forests and fjords of Norway, the future of the planet looks pretty good. It almost feels as if you are on the road, hands-free, to a post-fossil-fuel future. Virtually all of Norway’s electricity is emissions-free. It comes from hydropower delivered by cascading waterfalls, dams and rivers that run so close to the roads that you can almost run your fingers through them. There are so many fast-charging stations that you are unlikely to get stranded. Teslas have become so run-of-the-mill in Oslo that it is not unusual to see them spattered with mud, their seats matted with dog hair.
坐在无人驾驶的电动特斯拉S型车的驾驶座上，掠过挪威的森林和峡湾，这个星球的未来看起来相当不错。感觉几乎就是你无需动手，就在一路通往一个“后化石燃料”的未来。挪威几乎所有发电都是零排放的。电来自奔流的瀑布、水坝和河流产生的水力，它们如此靠近道路，几乎触手可及。快速充电站随处可见，你不太可能被困在路上。特斯拉在奥斯陆已经如此普遍，以至于车身溅满泥、座位上落满狗毛的也不少见。
When your destination is Rjukan, three hours west of Oslo, which in the early 20th century was one of the world’s biggest power plants, alternatives to fossil fuels look even more achievable. This is where one of the best potential zero-carbon options, hydrogen, was produced by hydroelectricity as far back as 1928. Cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells have now started to appear on Norway’s streets, even though there may be much better uses of the gas than powering vehicles over short distances. A Hyundai Nexo, owned by Nel, a Norwegian hydrogen company that traces its roots back to Rjukan, carries a message on its rear window: “Thanks for the ride, dinosaurs! We’ll take it from here.” That could be the motto for the age of decarbonisation. Or it could be extreme hyperbole.
如果你去往奥斯陆西侧三个小时车程的尤坎，化石燃料的替代品看起来就更容易实现了。这里在20世纪初是世界上最大的发电厂之一：早在1928年，尤坎就已经在用水力发电生产迄今最好的潜在零碳选择之一——氢气。由氢燃料电池驱动的汽车现在开始出现在挪威的街道上，尽管比起为短途车辆供能，氢气可能还有更好得多的用处。挪威氢能公司Nel的历史可以追溯到尤坎，它拥有的一辆现代Nexo的后窗上贴着一句话：“感谢恐龙们送了一程！我们就从这接手了。”这可能成为脱碳时代的座右铭，也可能沦为极端的夸张。
Alongside China, Norway has helped supercharge demand for electric vehicles, but it could afford to finance the tax breaks and other incentives because of the immense wealth it derives from oil and gas. Hydrocarbons produced by the state energy company, Equinor, generated 310m tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2017. That was almost as much as the total carbon dioxide (CO2) belched out by Britain, a country with 12 times Norway’s population.
挪威和中国一样，大大增加了对电动汽车的需求，但由于石油和天然气带来的巨大财富，挪威可以负担减税和其他激励措施所需的资金。挪威国家能源公司Equinor生产的烃类在2017年产生了3.1亿吨温室气体。这几乎与英国产生的二氧化碳总量一样多，而英国是挪威人口的12倍。
Torn in much the same fashion between a desire to tackle global warming and a dependence on fossil fuels, the world is moving far too slowly to decarbonise its energy system. Acting on the promises made under the 2015 Paris agreement on climate change could see the world on a path to global warming of 3ºC above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century, rather than the 1.5-2ºC countries agreed to strive for. To stabilise global temperatures, humans must be putting no more CO2 into the atmosphere than they are taking out by about mid-century.
这种同时存在解决全球变暖的愿望和对化石燃料的依赖的矛盾同样撕裂着整个世界，让能源系统脱碳变得太过缓慢。如果根据2015年巴黎气候变化协议所作出的承诺行动的话，到本世纪末，全球变暖将超过工业化前水平3℃，而不是各国同意努力争取的1.5℃至2℃。为了稳定全球气温，到大约本世纪中叶，人类必须停止向大气中净排放二氧化碳。
Coming clean
干干净净